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[Music]

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welcome to the skeptic zone

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the podcast from australia for science

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and reason

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[Music]

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yes it's the skeptic zone podcast

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episode number

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644 for the 14th of february 2021

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richard saunders coming to you from

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sydney australia

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now a big shout out to my friends in

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melbourne and the state of victoria

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that state's gone into a sudden lockdown

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for five days so you're sort of halfway

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through your five days now by the time

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you

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get this recording and i

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am thinking about you especially those

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people who hoped

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to get away this weekend for a little

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getaway

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but coming up on this week's episode of

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the skeptic zone podcast

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a couple of weeks ago we brought you the

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story or the um

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wasn't quite a story it was just a

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little bit of a news about

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a chiropractor in the state of

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queensland

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who had placed on the website at the

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practice

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way back at the beginning of the

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pandemic particularly bad advice about

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covert 19 suggesting it wasn't that

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serious

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and if you had chiropractic adjustment

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it would help and things like that

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well finally action has been taken

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against

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that chiropractor or at least directions

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to take that ridiculous video down

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that story coming up at the top of the

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show following that it's logical

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fallacies with the fabulous michelle

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bickersma

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in melbourne probably in lockdown hang

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in there michelle

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this week michelle looks at the fallacy

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of the single cause

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also known as casual oversimplification

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this fallacy occurs when it is

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assumed that there is a single simple

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cause for an outcome when in fact there

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may be a number of causes

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now i've mentioned before that if you go

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to the skeptic zone

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home page or website at skepticzone.tv

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and scroll down on the right side under

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the photographs or the images for each

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week's show you'll see a little

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uh a little box image there with

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michelle

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logical fallacies on now on youtube the

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first

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20 of michelle's logical fallacies are

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on youtube and

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in a week or two there will be the first

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40 logical fallacies on that

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youtube site in fact i've created a tiny

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url for that for anybody

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and that's tinyurl.com logical

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zone if you type that in you'll get

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straight to those logical fallacies on

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youtube

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then we have the book of tim with tim

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mendem

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and this week tim starts a two-part

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series

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looking at phrenology

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you've got to have bumps on your head to

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believe in phrenology

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phrenology part one it's all in your

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head

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that's the name of the segment written

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by michelle cooper

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then we dive once more into trove and

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our ongoing series into the unknown this

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will be part seven

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and this is our continuing story of a

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panel way back in the 1950s in 1950 in

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fact

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in the uk examining so-called psychic

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powers

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then to round off the show it's the

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newsletter

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from the australian skeptics what's

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caught the skeptical eye of skeptical

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tim

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mendem this week well that's enough for

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me at the moment it's time for me to run

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downstairs

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and think about something i had almost a

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year ago which i

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really loved and that was those yummy

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yummy japanese pancakes

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that i had in the beautiful little

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seaside town of anglesey

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good memories now i can't exactly whip

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them up downstairs but i'll have a cup

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of coffee

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in there on it while i do that i hope

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you enjoy the skeptic

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[Music]

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zone

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a couple of weeks ago on the skeptic

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zone podcast i brought you the news

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of our concerns of a queensland

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chiropractor

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who had videos online really downplaying

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the seriousness

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of covert 19 and suggesting things like

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you could use chiropractic adjustment to

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help you

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in this respect well i'm very pleased to

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report to you

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that action has been taken and i quote

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from news.com.au

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a story written by stephanie bedo

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chiropractor forced to take down video

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on coronavirus

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claiming nonsense about big

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bad bug

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[Music]

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a queensland chiropractor has been

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referred for investigation after he

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posted a video making

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controversial claims and this has been

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reported on the 10th of february

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2021 a chiropractor has been forced to

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take down a video he posted

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at the start of the coronavirus pandemic

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claiming it was all hysteria

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and there was nothing to worry about

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morgan thomas

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webber posted a video to his marucci

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door clinics blog

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and youtube channel in march last year

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saying

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despite our bodies having 51

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trillion cells that orchestrate our

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immune system

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quote we seem to have more faith and

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trust in

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medicine than we do in this amazing

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body we call home end quote quote crazy

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right

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end quote he said quote enough

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of this nonsense about the big bad bug

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and all the worry about washing your

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hands because

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i tell you what if you are neglecting to

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nurture your body

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and the 51 trillion cells to be the best

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they can be

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watch out that may not be enough washing

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your hands

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end quote there have since been 2.3

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million covert 19 deaths worldwide

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and more than 100 million infections dr

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webber's video

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remained online all of last year until

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it was recently removed after complaints

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were made against him

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news has seen copies of the complaints

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made to the queensland office

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of the health ombudsman and the

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a-h-p-r-a

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they allege dr weber was advertising and

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promoting incorrect information about

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covert 19

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and further promoting alternative

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approaches to serious illnesses

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quote which could encourage people not

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to seek medical intervention end quote

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the office of the health ombudsmen

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said after reviewing the matter they

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decided to accept

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the case and refer it to the ah

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pra for investigation in the march 16

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video dr webber goes on to tell people

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they should be eating well

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staying hydrated moving getting sunlight

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exposure

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thinking well and keeping up with their

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chiropractic

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adjustments

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[Music]

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now i will link to that story there is

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more there to read

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on this week's show notes but a good

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result

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the scenes who

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monitor these sort of things and make

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these complaints well done

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congratulations

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hi this is heidi robertson from the

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northern rivers vaccination supporters

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we are a group of concerned citizens

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dedicated to promoting good science and

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common sense in our region

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the far north coast of new south wales

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this area famous for its natural beauty

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and relaxed lifestyle

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also has the lowest rates of vaccination

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in australia

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we are out to change that by challenging

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the myths and misinformation

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and by providing good evidence-based

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information to the community

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we'd love for you no matter where you

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are in the world

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to join our fight please visit our

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webpage

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at www.nrvs.info

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we also have a link there to our

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facebook page

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tweet us at nrvaxsupporters

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that's vax and check us out on wikipedia

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by searching for

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northern rivers vaccination supporters

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[Music]

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logical fallacies

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important that critical thinkers should

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know about them

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a logical fallacy is an error we can

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make in reasoning

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but it usually crops up when we are

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some people might even knowingly use

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them to try and score cheap points in an

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argument

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due to intellectual laziness

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they are traps we can fall into but if

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we know what to look out for

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we can spot them when they occur and

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this time we'll look at a fallacy of the

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single

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cause also known as the causal

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oversimplification

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this fallacy occurs when it is assumed

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that there is a single simple cause

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of an outcome when in fact there may be

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a number of causes

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reducing the causes of a complicated

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issue to a single

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factor may be satisfying in our desire

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to keep things simple

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and sometimes it is helpful to identify

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the most

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significant reasons as to why something

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has happened

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however we also need to keep in mind

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that there are many complicated

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situations

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where multiple factors have to be

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considered

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and the situation is not entirely

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reducible to just

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one i just watched this amazing

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documentary by a celebrity chef

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who said that white flour and white rice

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are causing

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westerners to become obese it's called

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the no pale diet not just because of the

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color

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but because they put the pale

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in paleo all i need do is permanently

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cut

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them out of my diet and i'll be trim

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aside from the appeal to tradition

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and naturalistic fallacies coming into

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play when we try and base our diet

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on what our ancestors supposedly ate

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this focus on white grains or even just

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food as the single cause of obesity

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is an oversimplification of what the

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multiple causes

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really are we need to consider

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many factors such as overall caloric

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intake genetics mental health

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education resources physical activity

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and so on the president

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00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:22,720
as a secret savior doing god's work

293
00:12:25,990 --> 00:12:25,680
children being trafficked by democrats

294
00:12:29,509 --> 00:12:26,000
and

295
00:12:31,750 --> 00:12:29,519
celebrities in underground tunnels

296
00:12:33,670 --> 00:12:31,760
there's no explanation for believing

297
00:12:36,870 --> 00:12:33,680
this q a non nonsense

298
00:12:39,750 --> 00:12:36,880
other than that conspiracy theorists

299
00:12:40,870 --> 00:12:39,760
must be plain gullible it's hard to

300
00:12:43,350 --> 00:12:40,880
understand how

301
00:12:45,590 --> 00:12:43,360
anyone could believe in this kind of

302
00:12:48,949 --> 00:12:45,600
conspiracy theory

303
00:12:51,190 --> 00:12:48,959
however believers are not initially

304
00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:51,200
presented with the information in a way

305
00:12:56,069 --> 00:12:51,760
that is

306
00:12:59,030 --> 00:12:56,079
obviously ludicrous gullibility may be

307
00:13:00,389 --> 00:12:59,040
one factor but the beliefs happen

308
00:13:03,430 --> 00:13:00,399
gradually

309
00:13:06,389 --> 00:13:03,440
based on grains of truth and occur

310
00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:06,399
when there is vulnerability and feelings

311
00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:08,399
of powerlessness

312
00:13:15,829 --> 00:13:13,120
mistrust disinformation political bias

313
00:13:17,350 --> 00:13:15,839
sense of community and a range of other

314
00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:17,360
factors

315
00:13:20,949 --> 00:13:20,240
today i talked to my friend about her

316
00:13:24,389 --> 00:13:20,959
neighbor

317
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:24,399
who refuses to vaccinate her children

318
00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:26,800
we're going to gather some facts and

319
00:13:32,470 --> 00:13:29,440
once she has the right information

320
00:13:35,590 --> 00:13:32,480
i'm sure she'll change her mind

321
00:13:39,189 --> 00:13:35,600
if only human beings were so easily

322
00:13:42,310 --> 00:13:39,199
influenced by the facts however

323
00:13:44,310 --> 00:13:42,320
we are all primarily motivated by our

324
00:13:48,069 --> 00:13:44,320
emotions and biases

325
00:13:50,670 --> 00:13:48,079
no matter how rational we think we are

326
00:13:52,470 --> 00:13:50,680
it's a mistake to assume that the

327
00:13:55,110 --> 00:13:52,480
anti-vaccination crowd are

328
00:13:55,829 --> 00:13:55,120
simply watching youtube and busy

329
00:13:59,829 --> 00:13:55,839
obtaining

330
00:14:02,310 --> 00:13:59,839
false information about vaccines online

331
00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:02,320
their information is also coming from

332
00:14:06,629 --> 00:14:03,120
some

333
00:14:09,750 --> 00:14:06,639
alternative health practitioners

334
00:14:12,949 --> 00:14:09,760
television the local health food store

335
00:14:17,269 --> 00:14:12,959
trusted peers family members and

336
00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:17,279
even maverick doctors and researchers

337
00:14:22,710 --> 00:14:19,760
members of the anti-vaccination movement

338
00:14:25,829 --> 00:14:22,720
have all been exposed to the facts

339
00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:25,839
yet the beliefs persist for various

340
00:14:31,110 --> 00:14:28,880
other reasons that include fear

341
00:14:32,590 --> 00:14:31,120
government or pharmaceutical company

342
00:14:36,069 --> 00:14:32,600
mistrust

343
00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:36,079
disinformation campaigns grief

344
00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:39,440
vaccine court payouts religious beliefs

345
00:14:46,389 --> 00:14:42,880
conspiracy theories and the list goes

346
00:14:51,430 --> 00:14:48,870
as critical thinkers we know it can be

347
00:14:55,030 --> 00:14:51,440
necessary to cut through the fluff

348
00:14:57,829 --> 00:14:55,040
by applying occam's razor and recognize

349
00:14:59,189 --> 00:14:57,839
that the simplest explanation is often

350
00:15:02,790 --> 00:14:59,199
the right one

351
00:15:05,269 --> 00:15:02,800
however our reasoning may be faulty

352
00:15:06,230 --> 00:15:05,279
if we take an overly reductionist

353
00:15:09,350 --> 00:15:06,240
approach

354
00:15:12,730 --> 00:15:09,360
and attribute single causes to

355
00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:12,740
complicated situations

356
00:15:17,750 --> 00:15:15,600
[Music]

357
00:15:20,310 --> 00:15:17,760
knowing a logical fallacy when you hear

358
00:15:22,550 --> 00:15:20,320
one and even knowing its name

359
00:15:23,910 --> 00:15:22,560
is important when arguing your point of

360
00:15:27,350 --> 00:15:23,920
view

361
00:15:29,749 --> 00:15:27,360
however you may come across as arrogant

362
00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:29,759
and not get very far if you call it out

363
00:15:32,949 --> 00:15:30,560
by name

364
00:15:35,030 --> 00:15:32,959
to your opponent when you hear it being

365
00:15:37,509 --> 00:15:35,040
used

366
00:15:38,310 --> 00:15:37,519
if your opponent calls you out for using

367
00:15:40,550 --> 00:15:38,320
one

368
00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:40,560
it's time to stop and think about how

369
00:15:45,749 --> 00:15:43,680
you are making your case

370
00:15:46,949 --> 00:15:45,759
use your knowledge of logical fallacies

371
00:15:49,749 --> 00:15:46,959
wisely

372
00:15:50,949 --> 00:15:49,759
and remember that even if your point of

373
00:15:53,269 --> 00:15:50,959
view is right

374
00:15:54,629 --> 00:15:53,279
and you know all the pitfalls in arguing

375
00:15:57,030 --> 00:15:54,639
your case

376
00:15:58,230 --> 00:15:57,040
it doesn't always mean you'll win on the

377
00:16:01,509 --> 00:15:58,240
day

378
00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:01,519
and as skeptics we must also remember

379
00:16:07,110 --> 00:16:04,090
that we too can be wrong at times

380
00:16:08,870 --> 00:16:07,120
[Music]

381
00:16:25,829 --> 00:16:08,880
i'm michelle bickersma from the vic

382
00:16:29,590 --> 00:16:28,389
skeptics cafe online from victoria

383
00:16:31,749 --> 00:16:29,600
australia

384
00:16:34,629 --> 00:16:31,759
no matter where you are in the world

385
00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:34,639
join us on monday the 15th of february

386
00:16:41,430 --> 00:16:38,320
2021 for a live talk online

387
00:16:44,710 --> 00:16:41,440
magician science communicator speaker

388
00:16:47,030 --> 00:16:44,720
and author nicholas j johnson

389
00:16:49,430 --> 00:16:47,040
will examine the pressing topic of

390
00:16:52,550 --> 00:16:49,440
critical thinking in the classroom

391
00:16:53,430 --> 00:16:52,560
after the insanity of 2020 who knows

392
00:16:56,949 --> 00:16:53,440
what challenges

393
00:16:59,590 --> 00:16:56,959
students will have to face in 2021

394
00:16:59,990 --> 00:16:59,600
students and teachers to be honest will

395
00:17:02,470 --> 00:17:00,000
need

396
00:17:04,150 --> 00:17:02,480
to be able to think critically if

397
00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:04,160
they're going to face whatever

398
00:17:07,990 --> 00:17:06,240
hand grenade of uncertainty is tossed

399
00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:08,000
their way next

400
00:17:12,789 --> 00:17:10,720
you'll also be entertained by nath lee

401
00:17:13,510 --> 00:17:12,799
who is a prolific singer-songwriter from

402
00:17:16,069 --> 00:17:13,520
melbourne

403
00:17:17,590 --> 00:17:16,079
who writes both original songs and

404
00:17:20,069 --> 00:17:17,600
timely parodies

405
00:17:21,429 --> 00:17:20,079
as well as skepticism his songs cover

406
00:17:23,829 --> 00:17:21,439
the fields of science

407
00:17:24,789 --> 00:17:23,839
politics and philosophy and come with a

408
00:17:28,230 --> 00:17:24,799
high degree of

409
00:17:31,270 --> 00:17:28,240
musicality and wit join us via

410
00:17:32,070 --> 00:17:31,280
zoom 8 pm for a chat then the talk

411
00:17:35,830 --> 00:17:32,080
begins at

412
00:17:39,029 --> 00:17:35,840
8 30 pm australian eastern daylight time

413
00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:39,039
that's 9 a.m on the 15th uk time

414
00:17:46,549 --> 00:17:42,400
4 am on the 15th east coast usa

415
00:17:49,270 --> 00:17:46,559
and 1am on the 15th west coast usa

416
00:17:53,270 --> 00:17:49,280
for more information and the zoom link

417
00:18:05,140 --> 00:17:53,280
just head to www.facebook.com

418
00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:08,390
[Music]

419
00:18:15,740 --> 00:18:14,549
and now a reading from the book of time

420
00:18:22,390 --> 00:18:15,750
with tim mendem

421
00:18:26,549 --> 00:18:24,230
hi my name is tim menden i'm the

422
00:18:28,310 --> 00:18:26,559
executive officer of australian skeptics

423
00:18:30,310 --> 00:18:28,320
and the editor of our magazine the

424
00:18:31,870 --> 00:18:30,320
skeptic which you can download from our

425
00:18:35,190 --> 00:18:31,880
website

426
00:18:38,630 --> 00:18:35,200
skeptics.com.heyou for free

427
00:18:42,230 --> 00:18:38,640
and today i'm looking at the bumpy topic

428
00:18:44,310 --> 00:18:42,240
of phrenology which i will explain

429
00:18:46,070 --> 00:18:44,320
soon and this appeared as an article

430
00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:46,080
called it's all in your head

431
00:18:49,990 --> 00:18:48,880
by michelle cooper who's an author of

432
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:50,000
books for teenagers

433
00:18:55,990 --> 00:18:53,200
and a scientist and this appeared in the

434
00:19:00,150 --> 00:18:56,000
skeptic magazine december 2018

435
00:19:02,150 --> 00:19:00,160
which is volume 38 number four

436
00:19:03,680 --> 00:19:02,160
and this is part one of a two-part

437
00:19:09,669 --> 00:19:03,690
series

438
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:12,630
on the morning of 11th of november 1880

439
00:19:16,710 --> 00:19:14,720
prison waters cut down the corpse of

440
00:19:19,430 --> 00:19:16,720
notorious australian bushranger

441
00:19:20,710 --> 00:19:19,440
ned kelly from the scaffold at melbourne

442
00:19:22,549 --> 00:19:20,720
jail

443
00:19:25,270 --> 00:19:22,559
soon kelly would be buried in an

444
00:19:27,350 --> 00:19:25,280
unmarked grave in the prison grounds

445
00:19:28,870 --> 00:19:27,360
but first authorities would shave his

446
00:19:31,110 --> 00:19:28,880
beard and hair off

447
00:19:33,669 --> 00:19:31,120
take careful measurements off his skull

448
00:19:36,950 --> 00:19:33,679
and construct a plaster cast of his head

449
00:19:38,070 --> 00:19:36,960
for further study archibald silas

450
00:19:41,669 --> 00:19:38,080
hamilton

451
00:19:43,350 --> 00:19:41,679
self-proclaimed professor of phrenology

452
00:19:45,590 --> 00:19:43,360
a man who'd have his own brushes with

453
00:19:47,190 --> 00:19:45,600
the law had been bitterly disappointed

454
00:19:49,830 --> 00:19:47,200
that he'd not been permitted to examine

455
00:19:52,630 --> 00:19:49,840
kelly prior to the execution

456
00:19:54,710 --> 00:19:52,640
hamilton had strongly desired to throw

457
00:19:58,390 --> 00:19:54,720
the light of science upon the character

458
00:20:00,470 --> 00:19:58,400
of the condemned man however hamilton

459
00:20:01,669 --> 00:20:00,480
was there to inspect the dead man's head

460
00:20:03,750 --> 00:20:01,679
afterwards

461
00:20:05,510 --> 00:20:03,760
and a week later the melbourne herald

462
00:20:06,470 --> 00:20:05,520
newspaper published the professor's

463
00:20:10,710 --> 00:20:06,480
detailed

464
00:20:13,110 --> 00:20:10,720
phrenological analysis of ned kelly

465
00:20:15,669 --> 00:20:13,120
hamilton reported that kelly's skull

466
00:20:18,870 --> 00:20:15,679
showed enormous organs of combativeness

467
00:20:21,350 --> 00:20:18,880
destructiveness and self-esteem

468
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:21,360
with underdevelopment in the organs of

469
00:20:25,669 --> 00:20:22,320
cautiousness

470
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:25,679
sublimity and conscientiousness

471
00:20:30,230 --> 00:20:27,679
not that surprising for a bushranger

472
00:20:33,350 --> 00:20:30,240
which is australian term for a

473
00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:33,360
basically a villain of the west

474
00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:35,200
phrenology had been proven correct yet

475
00:20:38,549 --> 00:20:37,200
again most herald readers would have

476
00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:38,559
been familiar with hamilton's

477
00:20:41,669 --> 00:20:39,520
terminology

478
00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:41,679
because phrenology was as much a part of

479
00:20:45,909 --> 00:20:43,360
19th century popular

480
00:20:48,390 --> 00:20:45,919
culture as newspaper horoscopes would

481
00:20:50,070 --> 00:20:48,400
become in the 20th century

482
00:20:51,669 --> 00:20:50,080
but how seriously did the authorities

483
00:20:53,350 --> 00:20:51,679
take phrenology

484
00:20:55,190 --> 00:20:53,360
did it ever have any scientific

485
00:20:57,990 --> 00:20:55,200
credibility in australia

486
00:20:59,510 --> 00:20:58,000
or elsewhere now phenology if you notice

487
00:21:00,789 --> 00:20:59,520
the reading of bumps on the head to

488
00:21:02,630 --> 00:21:00,799
develop character

489
00:21:04,950 --> 00:21:02,640
and the founder of phrenology was franz

490
00:21:07,110 --> 00:21:04,960
joseph gaul a viennese doctor

491
00:21:08,789 --> 00:21:07,120
who'd noted during his school years that

492
00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:08,799
students with prominent eyes

493
00:21:13,110 --> 00:21:11,120
tended to be good learners around the

494
00:21:15,270 --> 00:21:13,120
beginning of the 19th century he began

495
00:21:16,230 --> 00:21:15,280
examining the heads of people he deemed

496
00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:16,240
exceptional

497
00:21:20,710 --> 00:21:18,320
in some way and came up with a radical

498
00:21:23,350 --> 00:21:20,720
new theory that a person's moral

499
00:21:25,270 --> 00:21:23,360
and intellectual faculties were innate

500
00:21:27,110 --> 00:21:25,280
and that these faculties were linked to

501
00:21:29,190 --> 00:21:27,120
particular regions or organs of the

502
00:21:33,669 --> 00:21:29,200
brain

503
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:33,679
responsible for verbal skills arithmetic

504
00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:36,000
music and appreciation of color

505
00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:38,720
there was an organ for perseverance one

506
00:21:42,390 --> 00:21:40,559
for the sense of god and religion and

507
00:21:43,669 --> 00:21:42,400
another devoted to tenderness for the

508
00:21:45,830 --> 00:21:43,679
offspring

509
00:21:48,070 --> 00:21:45,840
however there are also organs for less

510
00:21:50,870 --> 00:21:48,080
benevolent characteristics and behaviors

511
00:21:52,710 --> 00:21:50,880
such as vanity larceny and murder the

512
00:21:53,510 --> 00:21:52,720
more an individual used a particular

513
00:21:57,029 --> 00:21:53,520
organ

514
00:21:59,669 --> 00:21:57,039
a corresponding bump

515
00:22:01,430 --> 00:21:59,679
on the overlying part of the skull a

516
00:22:03,990 --> 00:22:01,440
skilled chronologist would merely need

517
00:22:06,390 --> 00:22:04,000
to run his fingers over someone's skull

518
00:22:07,750 --> 00:22:06,400
to reveal that person's intelligence

519
00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:07,760
personality talents

520
00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:10,400
marriage prospects career options and or

521
00:22:14,149 --> 00:22:11,039
criminal

522
00:22:15,909 --> 00:22:14,159
history there was disagreement about

523
00:22:17,190 --> 00:22:15,919
where exactly these skull bumps were

524
00:22:19,029 --> 00:22:17,200
located

525
00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:19,039
and even how many organs and related

526
00:22:21,909 --> 00:22:20,320
faculties existed

527
00:22:23,430 --> 00:22:21,919
not surprisingly this may have been

528
00:22:25,350 --> 00:22:23,440
because gall had often drawn his

529
00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:25,360
conclusions from a single exceptional

530
00:22:28,789 --> 00:22:26,880
research subject

531
00:22:30,470 --> 00:22:28,799
that ignored any contradictory data that

532
00:22:32,470 --> 00:22:30,480
later emerged

533
00:22:34,549 --> 00:22:32,480
phrenologists also relied heavily on

534
00:22:35,350 --> 00:22:34,559
studying plaster casts of heads which

535
00:22:37,430 --> 00:22:35,360
were not

536
00:22:38,789 --> 00:22:37,440
very accurate skull representations for

537
00:22:40,470 --> 00:22:38,799
living subjects

538
00:22:42,630 --> 00:22:40,480
unless those individuals happen to be

539
00:22:43,909 --> 00:22:42,640
bald or were willing to have shaved

540
00:22:46,470 --> 00:22:43,919
their heads

541
00:22:47,430 --> 00:22:46,480
a bump on a young lady's head cast would

542
00:22:50,310 --> 00:22:47,440
reveal a large

543
00:22:51,750 --> 00:22:50,320
organ of poetic talent or might simply

544
00:22:52,630 --> 00:22:51,760
show where her long hair had been

545
00:22:55,669 --> 00:22:52,640
bunched up

546
00:22:57,669 --> 00:22:55,679
when the cast was made girl stated that

547
00:23:00,310 --> 00:22:57,679
there were 27 faculties

548
00:23:03,669 --> 00:23:00,320
although his colleague johann spurtzheim

549
00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:03,679
described 32 faculties in his 1850 book

550
00:23:10,070 --> 00:23:07,360
physionomical system an edinburgh lawyer

551
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:10,080
george combe was inspired by spurheim's

552
00:23:13,110 --> 00:23:11,760
lectures on the topic and published his

553
00:23:15,990 --> 00:23:13,120
own best-selling book

554
00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:16,000
the constitution of man listing 39

555
00:23:20,390 --> 00:23:17,280
organs

556
00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:20,400
mr h lundy of leeds then announced he

557
00:23:24,870 --> 00:23:22,000
discovered four new organs

558
00:23:26,149 --> 00:23:24,880
which included organs of comicality and

559
00:23:28,870 --> 00:23:26,159
grotesque

560
00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:28,880
an honor went despite this confusion

561
00:23:32,230 --> 00:23:30,320
interest in the new science of

562
00:23:33,029 --> 00:23:32,240
phrenology spread rapidly throughout

563
00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:33,039
europe

564
00:23:36,789 --> 00:23:34,960
phrenologists were especially intrigued

565
00:23:37,909 --> 00:23:36,799
by the heads of recently deceased

566
00:23:41,110 --> 00:23:37,919
celebrities

567
00:23:43,190 --> 00:23:41,120
when composer joseph haydn died in 1809

568
00:23:44,390 --> 00:23:43,200
two phrenologists broke into his newly

569
00:23:47,350 --> 00:23:44,400
interred coffin

570
00:23:49,269 --> 00:23:47,360
to steal his head and examine his skull

571
00:23:49,990 --> 00:23:49,279
subsequently reporting that his organ of

572
00:23:52,950 --> 00:23:50,000
music was

573
00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:52,960
fully developed surprise surprise the

574
00:23:57,669 --> 00:23:55,360
marquis de sade's exhumed skull however

575
00:23:58,390 --> 00:23:57,679
was described by a doctor at his asylum

576
00:24:01,110 --> 00:23:58,400
as showing

577
00:24:01,909 --> 00:24:01,120
no ferocity no aggressive drives no

578
00:24:04,710 --> 00:24:01,919
excess in

579
00:24:07,029 --> 00:24:04,720
erotic impulses perhaps the infamous

580
00:24:08,470 --> 00:24:07,039
libertine had reformed in his old age

581
00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:08,480
and his skull had changed shape

582
00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:10,080
accordingly

583
00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:12,000
spurt some acquired the monkey desired

584
00:24:16,230 --> 00:24:14,320
skull from this doctor and added it to

585
00:24:17,510 --> 00:24:16,240
his collection with plaster casts of the

586
00:24:19,190 --> 00:24:17,520
skull later used

587
00:24:21,909 --> 00:24:19,200
in chronological lectures given to the

588
00:24:24,549 --> 00:24:21,919
public however it was the americans who

589
00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:24,559
really brought phrenology to the masses

590
00:24:29,110 --> 00:24:27,120
orson squire fowler and his brother

591
00:24:30,549 --> 00:24:29,120
lorenzo

592
00:24:32,470 --> 00:24:30,559
explained that to me when they get the

593
00:24:34,630 --> 00:24:32,480
different names began their lucrative

594
00:24:35,110 --> 00:24:34,640
phrenological business in the 1840s

595
00:24:37,430 --> 00:24:35,120
selling

596
00:24:39,190 --> 00:24:37,440
phonological books ceramic busts and

597
00:24:40,950 --> 00:24:39,200
various other paraphernalia

598
00:24:43,190 --> 00:24:40,960
phrenological pamphlets on marriage and

599
00:24:44,149 --> 00:24:43,200
sex proved especially popular with the

600
00:24:46,870 --> 00:24:44,159
public

601
00:24:48,549 --> 00:24:46,880
lorenzo's wife lydia also wrote a series

602
00:24:49,990 --> 00:24:48,559
of phrenological lessons for school

603
00:24:52,470 --> 00:24:50,000
children

604
00:24:54,870 --> 00:24:52,480
mark twain who's a lifelong skeptic

605
00:24:56,070 --> 00:24:54,880
visited lorenzo fowler's rooms under an

606
00:24:58,549 --> 00:24:56,080
assumed name

607
00:25:00,789 --> 00:24:58,559
for a phrenological examination and

608
00:25:03,269 --> 00:25:00,799
receives a chance that twain reported

609
00:25:05,029 --> 00:25:03,279
did not resemble me in a single sharply

610
00:25:07,750 --> 00:25:05,039
defined detail

611
00:25:09,590 --> 00:25:07,760
notably twain was found to have a cavity

612
00:25:12,230 --> 00:25:09,600
in his skull demonstrating a total

613
00:25:13,990 --> 00:25:12,240
absence of humor

614
00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:14,000
twain returned several months later

615
00:25:17,990 --> 00:25:15,840
using his own name this time

616
00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:18,000
and was given a second reading that bore

617
00:25:21,909 --> 00:25:19,760
no resemblance to the first chart

618
00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:21,919
in fact the cavity had now become an

619
00:25:25,669 --> 00:25:22,880
enormous bump

620
00:25:27,190 --> 00:25:25,679
of humor the fowlers may have viewed

621
00:25:28,070 --> 00:25:27,200
phrenology as a form of popular

622
00:25:29,669 --> 00:25:28,080
entertainment

623
00:25:31,430 --> 00:25:29,679
and a great way to make themselves a lot

624
00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:31,440
of money but there were a number of

625
00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:32,880
scientists who took phrenology

626
00:25:37,750 --> 00:25:36,000
very seriously indeed so george mckenzie

627
00:25:40,310 --> 00:25:37,760
a fellow of the royal society

628
00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:40,320
was an early supporter of phrenology as

629
00:25:44,230 --> 00:25:41,840
were a number of medical doctors

630
00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:44,240
including an editor of the lancet

631
00:25:47,510 --> 00:25:46,960
alfred russell wallace an anthropologist

632
00:25:49,110 --> 00:25:47,520
and

633
00:25:50,789 --> 00:25:49,120
biologist whose work on natural

634
00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:50,799
selection was published alongside

635
00:25:55,350 --> 00:25:52,240
charles darwin's writings

636
00:25:57,149 --> 00:25:55,360
was a lifelong phrenologist admittedly

637
00:26:01,350 --> 00:25:57,159
wallace was also a spiritualist and

638
00:26:05,669 --> 00:26:03,830
hewitt cottrell watson renowned botanist

639
00:26:08,390 --> 00:26:05,679
and another darwin collaborator

640
00:26:10,390 --> 00:26:08,400
edited the phrenological journal there's

641
00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:10,400
also darwin's polymouth cousin francis

642
00:26:12,710 --> 00:26:11,120
galton

643
00:26:16,630 --> 00:26:12,720
whose early interest in phrenology

644
00:26:19,590 --> 00:26:16,640
developed into a passion for eugenics

645
00:26:21,510 --> 00:26:19,600
however as early as 1843 phrenology had

646
00:26:23,909 --> 00:26:21,520
been labeled as pseudoscience

647
00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:23,919
in at least one medical textbook thomas

648
00:26:26,630 --> 00:26:24,720
sewell

649
00:26:28,470 --> 00:26:26,640
a professor of anatomy and physiology at

650
00:26:30,390 --> 00:26:28,480
washington's columbia college

651
00:26:31,590 --> 00:26:30,400
was also scathing about phrenology's

652
00:26:34,549 --> 00:26:31,600
claims

653
00:26:36,549 --> 00:26:34,559
stating in 1826 that his dissections of

654
00:26:37,750 --> 00:26:36,559
the brain had not shown any distinct

655
00:26:39,350 --> 00:26:37,760
organs within it

656
00:26:43,390 --> 00:26:39,360
and that the size of the brain was not

657
00:26:46,630 --> 00:26:46,230
neuroanatomists obviously studying the

658
00:26:48,390 --> 00:26:46,640
brain

659
00:26:51,669 --> 00:26:48,400
would later disprove some of surreal's

660
00:26:53,430 --> 00:26:51,679
conclusions but not for another 50 years

661
00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:53,440
interestingly many opponents of

662
00:26:56,470 --> 00:26:55,360
phrenology did not argue against it on

663
00:26:58,310 --> 00:26:56,480
rational grounds

664
00:27:00,870 --> 00:26:58,320
but for religious and philosophical

665
00:27:01,510 --> 00:27:00,880
reasons they were deeply offended by the

666
00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:01,520
notion

667
00:27:05,269 --> 00:27:04,080
that an individual's mind or soul or

668
00:27:07,909 --> 00:27:05,279
moral character

669
00:27:09,830 --> 00:27:07,919
was governed by material organs whether

670
00:27:11,350 --> 00:27:09,840
in the brain or elsewhere

671
00:27:13,510 --> 00:27:11,360
it was especially annoying to them that

672
00:27:15,029 --> 00:27:13,520
phrenologists claim there was an organ

673
00:27:17,510 --> 00:27:15,039
of theology

674
00:27:19,269 --> 00:27:17,520
when religious face was clearly due to

675
00:27:21,669 --> 00:27:19,279
divine intervention

676
00:27:23,750 --> 00:27:21,679
yet phrenology or at least one branch of

677
00:27:24,470 --> 00:27:23,760
it prided itself on being not just a

678
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:24,480
science

679
00:27:31,909 --> 00:27:29,600
developed his theory of faculties

680
00:27:33,430 --> 00:27:31,919
after studying the diseased brains of

681
00:27:36,710 --> 00:27:33,440
the inmates of prisons

682
00:27:37,029 --> 00:27:36,720
and asylums phrenology was used to argue

683
00:27:40,149 --> 00:27:37,039
for

684
00:27:41,350 --> 00:27:40,159
and against abolishing slavery extending

685
00:27:43,510 --> 00:27:41,360
the right to vote

686
00:27:45,190 --> 00:27:43,520
and restricting the sale of alcohol it

687
00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:45,200
was promoted through working-class

688
00:27:48,389 --> 00:27:46,720
educational societies as a

689
00:27:50,230 --> 00:27:48,399
self-improvement tool

690
00:27:51,830 --> 00:27:50,240
it was taken up by the administrators of

691
00:27:53,590 --> 00:27:51,840
asylums and prisons

692
00:27:55,510 --> 00:27:53,600
it is not surprising then that

693
00:27:58,710 --> 00:27:55,520
phrenologists turned their gaze

694
00:28:01,430 --> 00:27:58,720
towards colonial australia

695
00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:01,440
a place where a lot of criminals and

696
00:28:09,830 --> 00:28:02,970
convicts were sent

697
00:28:12,870 --> 00:28:09,840
[Music]

698
00:28:14,789 --> 00:28:12,880
now that's part one of this article and

699
00:28:16,710 --> 00:28:14,799
in the next week we'll be looking at

700
00:28:20,549 --> 00:28:16,720
part two would be looking

701
00:28:22,149 --> 00:28:20,559
at criminal minds and phrenology

702
00:28:24,070 --> 00:28:22,159
and that's it's all in your head by

703
00:28:26,230 --> 00:28:24,080
michelle cooper from the skeptic

704
00:28:33,380 --> 00:28:26,240
december 2018

705
00:29:24,830 --> 00:28:52,300
[Music]

706
00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:30,440
ciao

707
00:29:43,669 --> 00:29:39,670
[Music]

708
00:29:49,190 --> 00:29:46,389
now we continue our reading of the

709
00:29:53,029 --> 00:29:49,200
investigation from 1950 into

710
00:29:58,549 --> 00:29:53,039
the unknown published in the sunday sun

711
00:30:00,230 --> 00:29:58,559
supplement in this case in october 1950

712
00:30:03,990 --> 00:30:00,240
this of course comes to us from the

713
00:30:06,549 --> 00:30:04,000
archive at trove at trove.nla.gov dot au

714
00:30:09,190 --> 00:30:06,559
the searchable online resource of

715
00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:09,200
digitized australian newspapers journals

716
00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,870
[Music]

717
00:30:20,310 --> 00:30:18,470
what an adventure we've had over the

718
00:30:22,710 --> 00:30:20,320
past six weeks with the panel

719
00:30:24,310 --> 00:30:22,720
investigating spirit guides and healers

720
00:30:27,750 --> 00:30:24,320
and such like

721
00:30:29,510 --> 00:30:27,760
and even an australian mystic

722
00:30:31,669 --> 00:30:29,520
now if you remember last week the panel

723
00:30:34,470 --> 00:30:31,679
were investigating a healer

724
00:30:34,789 --> 00:30:34,480
by the name of jj thomas who seemed to

725
00:30:37,110 --> 00:30:34,799
be

726
00:30:39,790 --> 00:30:37,120
channeling a german doctor called dr

727
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:45,590
[Music]

728
00:30:52,389 --> 00:30:48,950
and we'll pick up this story where dr

729
00:30:53,830 --> 00:30:52,399
robert says i'm going to operate on your

730
00:30:56,070 --> 00:30:53,840
solar plexus

731
00:30:58,389 --> 00:30:56,080
suddenly the medium looked up and said

732
00:30:58,710 --> 00:30:58,399
there was a lady among the watchers who

733
00:31:02,070 --> 00:30:58,720
had

734
00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:02,080
a corn or hard callus

735
00:31:05,750 --> 00:31:03,760
the guide told the members of the panel

736
00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:05,760
that their guests had

737
00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:09,600
already before they came they had been

738
00:31:16,789 --> 00:31:13,690
vetted and they had had a look at them

739
00:31:22,470 --> 00:31:19,909
there was only one dissenter among you

740
00:31:23,350 --> 00:31:22,480
and he is not here today does that

741
00:31:26,070 --> 00:31:23,360
surprise you

742
00:31:27,830 --> 00:31:26,080
this was presumed to be a reference to

743
00:31:31,430 --> 00:31:27,840
canon knight

744
00:31:34,789 --> 00:31:31,440
not present at this seance dr robert

745
00:31:38,789 --> 00:31:34,799
did you fall 23 or 24 years ago

746
00:31:40,950 --> 00:31:38,799
patient maybe i can't remember dr robert

747
00:31:42,149 --> 00:31:40,960
have you had a little trouble with the

748
00:31:45,669 --> 00:31:42,159
right eye

749
00:31:48,070 --> 00:31:45,679
patient yes quite right dr robert

750
00:31:49,110 --> 00:31:48,080
you are going to have a very pleasant

751
00:31:52,310 --> 00:31:49,120
surprise

752
00:31:52,870 --> 00:31:52,320
no operation in a very short space of

753
00:31:55,269 --> 00:31:52,880
time

754
00:31:55,909 --> 00:31:55,279
you will feel a different man you will

755
00:32:04,549 --> 00:31:55,919
get

756
00:32:05,909 --> 00:32:04,559
and thank god the third patient a

757
00:32:09,029 --> 00:32:05,919
well-known surgeon

758
00:32:11,669 --> 00:32:09,039
was conducted to the table guide

759
00:32:12,630 --> 00:32:11,679
i think we have very much in common you

760
00:32:16,070 --> 00:32:12,640
and i

761
00:32:17,990 --> 00:32:16,080
that is getting rid of suffering

762
00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:18,000
he removed a slipper from the doctor's

763
00:32:22,470 --> 00:32:19,840
foot and massaged it

764
00:32:22,870 --> 00:32:22,480
the patient observed i couldn't have let

765
00:32:26,389 --> 00:32:22,880
you

766
00:32:29,509 --> 00:32:26,399
do that to me a few days ago dr robert

767
00:32:32,870 --> 00:32:29,519
if i were on the earth

768
00:32:33,669 --> 00:32:32,880
i should say that this was the result of

769
00:32:36,630 --> 00:32:33,679
wine

770
00:32:38,070 --> 00:32:36,640
we'll put a nice little injection there

771
00:32:41,190 --> 00:32:38,080
it gets well

772
00:32:42,389 --> 00:32:41,200
the pain goes from the knee right down

773
00:32:45,190 --> 00:32:42,399
to the toe

774
00:32:46,389 --> 00:32:45,200
this is from one doctor to another huh i

775
00:32:49,350 --> 00:32:46,399
think you have been

776
00:32:50,070 --> 00:32:49,360
a scallywag when i have finished with

777
00:32:53,190 --> 00:32:50,080
you

778
00:32:55,750 --> 00:32:53,200
walked in

779
00:32:56,789 --> 00:32:55,760
i'm a very lively spirit when i get into

780
00:32:59,990 --> 00:32:56,799
a man's body

781
00:33:03,590 --> 00:33:00,000
a pain in the head also in

782
00:33:06,470 --> 00:33:03,600
the back many times you have treated

783
00:33:07,830 --> 00:33:06,480
your people and you feel very tired and

784
00:33:10,710 --> 00:33:07,840
sick afterwards

785
00:33:11,669 --> 00:33:10,720
patient naturally most people do after

786
00:33:14,789 --> 00:33:11,679
working hard

787
00:33:17,269 --> 00:33:14,799
dr robert that is the law that operates

788
00:33:18,950 --> 00:33:17,279
if you have a healthy body and someone

789
00:33:22,149 --> 00:33:18,960
near you is sick

790
00:33:24,549 --> 00:33:22,159
they sap your strength here dr

791
00:33:26,710 --> 00:33:24,559
bendent interjected surely that can be

792
00:33:29,750 --> 00:33:26,720
stopped if you know it's happening

793
00:33:30,230 --> 00:33:29,760
guide it cannot be stopped there is a

794
00:33:32,149 --> 00:33:30,240
reason

795
00:33:34,230 --> 00:33:32,159
people say the young should not sleep

796
00:33:36,070 --> 00:33:34,240
with the very old there are many spirit

797
00:33:39,110 --> 00:33:36,080
people here also

798
00:33:39,990 --> 00:33:39,120
they come to learn we have to help them

799
00:33:42,630 --> 00:33:40,000
too

800
00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:42,640
we have 25 spirit doctors working on

801
00:33:46,070 --> 00:33:43,440
this one

802
00:33:47,750 --> 00:33:46,080
there are also students nurses helpers

803
00:33:48,549 --> 00:33:47,760
massage bearers and hundreds of

804
00:33:51,110 --> 00:33:48,559
thousands of

805
00:33:52,389 --> 00:33:51,120
spirits helping i just report what i am

806
00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:52,399
able to see

807
00:33:57,350 --> 00:33:55,360
to you people every one of you people

808
00:33:59,669 --> 00:33:57,360
here will go away feeling stronger

809
00:34:00,470 --> 00:33:59,679
than when you came in you bring your

810
00:34:02,710 --> 00:34:00,480
victims

811
00:34:03,830 --> 00:34:02,720
we do our best to heal them i don't

812
00:34:06,710 --> 00:34:03,840
think i have missed

813
00:34:09,190 --> 00:34:06,720
anything with the two men i have helped

814
00:34:13,030 --> 00:34:09,200
both the preceding patients agreed

815
00:34:15,909 --> 00:34:13,040
guide spirit help is here for everyone

816
00:34:17,030 --> 00:34:15,919
we are not here to decry your medical

817
00:34:20,069 --> 00:34:17,040
profession

818
00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:20,079
we are only here to help to the patient

819
00:34:24,710 --> 00:34:23,200
if your time had come i would not say i

820
00:34:27,589 --> 00:34:24,720
will get you well

821
00:34:29,430 --> 00:34:27,599
i would only relieve you but i know you

822
00:34:32,550 --> 00:34:29,440
have a long way to go

823
00:34:33,109 --> 00:34:32,560
you have achieved something you have a

824
00:34:36,950 --> 00:34:33,119
favorite

825
00:34:39,750 --> 00:34:36,960
chair the patient said that was true

826
00:34:40,710 --> 00:34:39,760
one day you will wake up in it and find

827
00:34:43,909 --> 00:34:40,720
yourself

828
00:34:46,790 --> 00:34:43,919
dead life goes on always just like

829
00:34:48,790 --> 00:34:46,800
taking an old coat off and putting on a

830
00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:48,800
new one this is your

831
00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:51,520
preliminary training because we do not

832
00:34:55,510 --> 00:34:52,000
talk

833
00:34:58,310 --> 00:34:55,520
in the spirit world we only think

834
00:34:59,829 --> 00:34:58,320
each one of you carries a color which

835
00:35:02,390 --> 00:34:59,839
shines before you

836
00:35:03,349 --> 00:35:02,400
you cannot talk with your tongue in your

837
00:35:07,270 --> 00:35:03,359
cheek

838
00:35:11,109 --> 00:35:07,280
you will be known for yourself there

839
00:35:15,270 --> 00:35:11,119
dr benden do you stay there forever

840
00:35:18,630 --> 00:35:15,280
guide ben ali pasha who comes with me

841
00:35:20,390 --> 00:35:18,640
a persian has been here for two thousand

842
00:35:23,910 --> 00:35:20,400
of your earth years

843
00:35:24,790 --> 00:35:23,920
and i have been dead for fifty four

844
00:35:28,230 --> 00:35:24,800
years

845
00:35:31,430 --> 00:35:28,240
i came back under the non diplom of dr

846
00:35:35,190 --> 00:35:31,440
robert it means nothing it just suits

847
00:35:36,150 --> 00:35:35,200
the purpose think deeply if anyone says

848
00:35:39,670 --> 00:35:36,160
they are

849
00:35:40,710 --> 00:35:39,680
an egyptian princess thomas turned to

850
00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:40,720
the patient

851
00:35:45,030 --> 00:35:42,640
i'm going to say to you if your foot

852
00:35:48,630 --> 00:35:45,040
gets well i shall be a very good doctor

853
00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:48,640
may alpha videzen peace

854
00:35:53,270 --> 00:35:51,200
be in your heart the following was

855
00:35:54,069 --> 00:35:53,280
prepared by the second patient mr

856
00:35:56,829 --> 00:35:54,079
nicholson

857
00:35:58,069 --> 00:35:56,839
after returning home on the night of his

858
00:36:01,190 --> 00:35:58,079
treatment

859
00:36:04,550 --> 00:36:01,200
diagnosis duodenal correct

860
00:36:04,950 --> 00:36:04,560
excessive eye watering correct excessive

861
00:36:08,630 --> 00:36:04,960
mouth

862
00:36:12,310 --> 00:36:08,640
saliva correct severe chest illness

863
00:36:15,270 --> 00:36:12,320
correct double pneumonia when a child

864
00:36:16,390 --> 00:36:15,280
right foot weakness correct cause of

865
00:36:19,829 --> 00:36:16,400
duodenal

866
00:36:22,390 --> 00:36:19,839
given as 20 years or so back due to

867
00:36:23,670 --> 00:36:22,400
nervous shock this i have traced back to

868
00:36:25,510 --> 00:36:23,680
21 years ago

869
00:36:27,510 --> 00:36:25,520
when my wife was suddenly taken to

870
00:36:31,109 --> 00:36:27,520
hospital for an emergency operation

871
00:36:32,470 --> 00:36:31,119
for appendicitis at this time i was ill

872
00:36:35,190 --> 00:36:32,480
with nervous strain

873
00:36:35,589 --> 00:36:35,200
this links up with the appendix trouble

874
00:36:37,910 --> 00:36:35,599
which

875
00:36:39,990 --> 00:36:37,920
the medium mentioned he correctly

876
00:36:43,270 --> 00:36:40,000
diagnosed the left leg and head

877
00:36:44,310 --> 00:36:43,280
trouble of my wife who was not present

878
00:36:46,310 --> 00:36:44,320
at the circle

879
00:36:47,589 --> 00:36:46,320
i should like to place on record that at

880
00:36:50,550 --> 00:36:47,599
the exact time

881
00:36:51,510 --> 00:36:50,560
this last diagnosis was made my wife was

882
00:36:55,270 --> 00:36:51,520
in pain

883
00:36:57,910 --> 00:36:55,280
and had remarked i wish that man

884
00:36:58,710 --> 00:36:57,920
could cure me this seems a strange

885
00:37:02,630 --> 00:36:58,720
coincidence

886
00:37:04,950 --> 00:37:02,640
as mr thomas had said at about this time

887
00:37:06,069 --> 00:37:04,960
that he had received a message regarding

888
00:37:09,510 --> 00:37:06,079
my wife

889
00:37:13,190 --> 00:37:09,520
and the next segment says panel's report

890
00:37:15,750 --> 00:37:13,200
dr bendent technique much like that of

891
00:37:17,270 --> 00:37:15,760
other mediums both in guessing and

892
00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:17,280
eliciting information

893
00:37:21,990 --> 00:37:20,000
there seems to be a hit or mis-element

894
00:37:24,390 --> 00:37:22,000
of paranormal diagnosis

895
00:37:25,109 --> 00:37:24,400
a hernia was entirely missed on one

896
00:37:28,310 --> 00:37:25,119
patient

897
00:37:31,349 --> 00:37:28,320
while symptoms were attributed to him

898
00:37:32,950 --> 00:37:31,359
which he had not got and in one case

899
00:37:35,109 --> 00:37:32,960
which were not his

900
00:37:36,230 --> 00:37:35,119
but his wife's results entirely

901
00:37:38,630 --> 00:37:36,240
inconclusive

902
00:37:39,430 --> 00:37:38,640
no evidence to confirm either claims

903
00:37:42,150 --> 00:37:39,440
made

904
00:37:43,270 --> 00:37:42,160
or the spiritualist hypothesis mrs

905
00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:43,280
haldane

906
00:37:48,230 --> 00:37:46,320
mr thomas in his normal state has a kind

907
00:37:51,510 --> 00:37:48,240
and humorous personality

908
00:37:52,710 --> 00:37:51,520
he undoubtedly is acutely sensitive to

909
00:37:55,990 --> 00:37:52,720
human suffering

910
00:37:59,190 --> 00:37:56,000
and has a sincere desire to help to

911
00:38:00,470 --> 00:37:59,200
alleviate it he also appears to have

912
00:38:03,510 --> 00:38:00,480
considerable

913
00:38:06,470 --> 00:38:03,520
mesmeric charms and very powerful

914
00:38:07,750 --> 00:38:06,480
sensitive hands i am not competent to

915
00:38:11,270 --> 00:38:07,760
speak about his

916
00:38:12,310 --> 00:38:11,280
medical qualifications mr thomas was out

917
00:38:14,470 --> 00:38:12,320
of the room for

918
00:38:15,430 --> 00:38:14,480
at least 10 minutes before the seance

919
00:38:17,670 --> 00:38:15,440
began

920
00:38:20,230 --> 00:38:17,680
the two patients were also in another

921
00:38:22,550 --> 00:38:20,240
room i cannot say therefore

922
00:38:24,710 --> 00:38:22,560
with any certainty whether or not he had

923
00:38:25,670 --> 00:38:24,720
any opportunity of discovering their

924
00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:25,680
symptoms

925
00:38:31,190 --> 00:38:28,800
before the doctor did

926
00:38:32,310 --> 00:38:31,200
one cannot rule out the possibility that

927
00:38:35,670 --> 00:38:32,320
he could have had

928
00:38:39,109 --> 00:38:35,680
done so either by telepathy

929
00:38:41,589 --> 00:38:39,119
or clairvoyance l a g strong

930
00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:41,599
this session showed that mr thomas

931
00:38:44,550 --> 00:38:42,320
possesses

932
00:38:45,750 --> 00:38:44,560
undoubted gifts of paranormal

933
00:38:48,710 --> 00:38:45,760
sensitivity

934
00:38:49,030 --> 00:38:48,720
his claim is that he is controlled by

935
00:38:52,069 --> 00:38:49,040
the

936
00:38:53,589 --> 00:38:52,079
spirit of a dead german doctor who

937
00:38:56,950 --> 00:38:53,599
returns under the pseudonym

938
00:38:59,190 --> 00:38:56,960
of dr robert in the experiment mr thomas

939
00:39:00,069 --> 00:38:59,200
examined two patients brought by a

940
00:39:02,310 --> 00:39:00,079
doctor

941
00:39:03,190 --> 00:39:02,320
who knew their medical history

942
00:39:05,990 --> 00:39:03,200
apparently

943
00:39:07,349 --> 00:39:06,000
in a light trance he passes his hands

944
00:39:09,750 --> 00:39:07,359
over the first of these

945
00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:09,760
who was lying more or less relaxed upon

946
00:39:12,829 --> 00:39:10,800
a couch

947
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:12,839
and proceeded to describe with great

948
00:39:16,470 --> 00:39:15,680
accuracy the symptoms which the patient

949
00:39:19,670 --> 00:39:16,480
felt

950
00:39:23,430 --> 00:39:19,680
together with those which he had

951
00:39:24,310 --> 00:39:23,440
felt in the past such as a severe dental

952
00:39:27,030 --> 00:39:24,320
abscess

953
00:39:28,950 --> 00:39:27,040
many years before this enumeration

954
00:39:31,910 --> 00:39:28,960
confirmed by the patient

955
00:39:32,390 --> 00:39:31,920
was highly impressive including as it

956
00:39:35,030 --> 00:39:32,400
did

957
00:39:36,390 --> 00:39:35,040
some very trivial symptoms with the

958
00:39:39,589 --> 00:39:36,400
second patient

959
00:39:41,750 --> 00:39:39,599
the medium began successfully

960
00:39:43,109 --> 00:39:41,760
then wandered off into apparent

961
00:39:45,910 --> 00:39:43,119
inaccuracies

962
00:39:47,270 --> 00:39:45,920
this was accounted for by saying that he

963
00:39:50,069 --> 00:39:47,280
was picking up

964
00:39:51,349 --> 00:39:50,079
sensations from the patient's wife the

965
00:39:54,150 --> 00:39:51,359
patient confirmed

966
00:39:55,589 --> 00:39:54,160
the account of these and even more

967
00:39:58,390 --> 00:39:55,599
dramatic confirmation

968
00:39:58,870 --> 00:39:58,400
i am told was obtained later when the

969
00:40:01,510 --> 00:39:58,880
wife

970
00:40:02,470 --> 00:40:01,520
testified that at that hour she had been

971
00:40:05,670 --> 00:40:02,480
in pain

972
00:40:08,069 --> 00:40:05,680
and had wished fervently that she

973
00:40:09,190 --> 00:40:08,079
were being treated instead of her

974
00:40:12,230 --> 00:40:09,200
husband

975
00:40:15,670 --> 00:40:12,240
he possesses highly magnetic hands

976
00:40:18,630 --> 00:40:15,680
and there is no doubt on the evidence

977
00:40:19,750 --> 00:40:18,640
before us that he can sympathetically

978
00:40:22,790 --> 00:40:19,760
perceive

979
00:40:26,150 --> 00:40:22,800
what his patients are feeling and have

980
00:40:26,870 --> 00:40:26,160
felt in the way of symptoms but many

981
00:40:29,910 --> 00:40:26,880
manual

982
00:40:33,589 --> 00:40:29,920
practitioners massers and others

983
00:40:35,990 --> 00:40:33,599
can do this who do not lay claim

984
00:40:36,870 --> 00:40:36,000
to spirit control had i been competent

985
00:40:39,190 --> 00:40:36,880
to do so

986
00:40:41,349 --> 00:40:39,200
i would have addressed dr robert in

987
00:40:43,270 --> 00:40:41,359
german and would not have been surprised

988
00:40:46,069 --> 00:40:43,280
if he did not understand me

989
00:40:48,870 --> 00:40:46,079
this is in no way to impinge his honesty

990
00:40:51,670 --> 00:40:48,880
or to dispute his remarkable powers

991
00:40:51,990 --> 00:40:51,680
harley street surgeon mr thomas appeared

992
00:40:55,349 --> 00:40:52,000
to go

993
00:40:56,630 --> 00:40:55,359
into a trance in which he said he was

994
00:40:59,270 --> 00:40:56,640
controlled by a

995
00:40:59,670 --> 00:40:59,280
unknown doctor from the spirit world

996
00:41:02,790 --> 00:40:59,680
called

997
00:41:03,190 --> 00:41:02,800
dr robert but there was no evidence of

998
00:41:06,470 --> 00:41:03,200
this

999
00:41:08,870 --> 00:41:06,480
other than that he said so

1000
00:41:09,589 --> 00:41:08,880
he treated a number of patients as each

1001
00:41:12,230 --> 00:41:09,599
one came

1002
00:41:13,670 --> 00:41:12,240
up he was put on a couch mr thomas did

1003
00:41:15,430 --> 00:41:13,680
not elicit any

1004
00:41:17,190 --> 00:41:15,440
history of their diseases from the

1005
00:41:19,910 --> 00:41:17,200
patients on the contrary

1006
00:41:21,109 --> 00:41:19,920
he told them that they had such and such

1007
00:41:24,069 --> 00:41:21,119
symptoms

1008
00:41:26,630 --> 00:41:24,079
he did not give any of them much time to

1009
00:41:29,109 --> 00:41:26,640
say whether this was the case or not

1010
00:41:30,150 --> 00:41:29,119
and even if they had wished to they

1011
00:41:31,750 --> 00:41:30,160
might have been too

1012
00:41:33,349 --> 00:41:31,760
scared in the presence of a large

1013
00:41:35,430 --> 00:41:33,359
audience to contradict him

1014
00:41:37,750 --> 00:41:35,440
he went through a series of motions

1015
00:41:39,589 --> 00:41:37,760
which could be described as a caricature

1016
00:41:40,790 --> 00:41:39,599
of those which a surgeon might make in

1017
00:41:43,829 --> 00:41:40,800
operating

1018
00:41:46,950 --> 00:41:43,839
he was a very good showman

1019
00:41:49,030 --> 00:41:46,960
with a strong personality so that he

1020
00:41:50,309 --> 00:41:49,040
exerted a considerable force of

1021
00:41:53,270 --> 00:41:50,319
suggestion

1022
00:41:53,829 --> 00:41:53,280
i think it likely that in cases where

1023
00:41:57,589 --> 00:41:53,839
there was

1024
00:42:00,870 --> 00:41:57,599
an element of neurosis he might affect

1025
00:42:04,069 --> 00:42:00,880
improvement or even a cure

1026
00:42:05,109 --> 00:42:04,079
but i doubt if he could do anything for

1027
00:42:07,940 --> 00:42:05,119
an organic

1028
00:42:13,190 --> 00:42:10,790
[Music]

1029
00:42:15,030 --> 00:42:13,200
and that brings an end to that segment

1030
00:42:18,230 --> 00:42:15,040
of the report where the panel

1031
00:42:21,910 --> 00:42:18,240
investigates a couple of healers

1032
00:42:23,510 --> 00:42:21,920
psychic spiritual healers and next week

1033
00:42:30,150 --> 00:42:23,520
join us where

1034
00:42:32,390 --> 00:42:30,160
the panel sum up

1035
00:42:33,349 --> 00:42:32,400
into the unknown and to whet your

1036
00:42:35,910 --> 00:42:33,359
appetite

1037
00:42:37,910 --> 00:42:35,920
the investigation into spiritualism by a

1038
00:42:41,270 --> 00:42:37,920
panel of independent experts

1039
00:42:43,349 --> 00:42:41,280
was completed in late 1949.

1040
00:42:45,349 --> 00:42:43,359
after their investigation members of the

1041
00:42:47,589 --> 00:42:45,359
investigating panel were invited to

1042
00:42:49,589 --> 00:42:47,599
write an account of their experiences

1043
00:42:53,190 --> 00:42:49,599
extracts from these accounts are

1044
00:43:00,069 --> 00:42:58,230
so we'll pick that story up next week

1045
00:43:01,750 --> 00:43:00,079
and that was into the unknown the

1046
00:43:04,150 --> 00:43:01,760
continuing story of a panel's

1047
00:43:06,550 --> 00:43:04,160
investigation into psychic powers

1048
00:43:07,270 --> 00:43:06,560
healing and spiritualism so forth

1049
00:43:10,069 --> 00:43:07,280
published

1050
00:43:11,990 --> 00:43:10,079
way back in october 1950 and don't

1051
00:43:15,720 --> 00:43:12,000
forget you too can

1052
00:43:17,150 --> 00:43:15,730
peruse the pages of the archive at trove

1053
00:43:20,390 --> 00:43:17,160
[Music]

1054
00:43:22,790 --> 00:43:20,400
trove.nla.gov dot a u

1055
00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:22,800
and as i've said over the weeks in

1056
00:43:27,589 --> 00:43:24,560
reading these reports

1057
00:43:28,710 --> 00:43:27,599
it's remarkable how little has changed

1058
00:43:30,630 --> 00:43:28,720
in some ways

1059
00:43:31,829 --> 00:43:30,640
when it comes to these sort of psychic

1060
00:43:34,950 --> 00:43:31,839
sessions and psychic

1061
00:43:35,670 --> 00:43:34,960
readings and so on and what i can glean

1062
00:43:39,589 --> 00:43:35,680
from this

1063
00:43:42,309 --> 00:43:39,599
is much of this is the same stock

1064
00:43:44,150 --> 00:43:42,319
standard cold reading techniques we've

1065
00:43:45,990 --> 00:43:44,160
seen for decades

1066
00:43:47,349 --> 00:43:46,000
it's certainly interesting to read how

1067
00:43:50,630 --> 00:43:47,359
some of the panel

1068
00:43:58,550 --> 00:43:50,640
were convinced already that

1069
00:43:58,560 --> 00:44:08,870
[Music]

1070
00:44:12,230 --> 00:44:10,870
g'day this is dr karl karl krishninsky

1071
00:44:13,109 --> 00:44:12,240
proud to be a skeptic and you can find

1072
00:44:15,510 --> 00:44:13,119
out more about me

1073
00:44:23,690 --> 00:44:15,520
at drcarl.com and get lots of free stuff

1074
00:44:34,829 --> 00:44:23,700
there as well

1075
00:44:36,280 --> 00:44:34,839
[Music]

1076
00:44:40,470 --> 00:44:36,290
so

1077
00:44:41,750 --> 00:44:40,480
[Music]

1078
00:44:43,750 --> 00:44:41,760
let's have a look at the latest

1079
00:44:46,309 --> 00:44:43,760
newsletter from the australian skeptics

1080
00:44:54,710 --> 00:44:46,319
newsletter number 116

1081
00:45:00,309 --> 00:44:58,309
hi all the avn bans itself while the vic

1082
00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:00,319
government bans gay conversion

1083
00:45:04,470 --> 00:45:03,440
therapy others want dr oz banned from a

1084
00:45:06,550 --> 00:45:04,480
quiz program

1085
00:45:07,910 --> 00:45:06,560
and the brisbane group has been sort of

1086
00:45:11,510 --> 00:45:07,920
banned from

1087
00:45:11,910 --> 00:45:11,520
running cemetery history tours in favor

1088
00:45:15,030 --> 00:45:11,920
of

1089
00:45:18,069 --> 00:45:15,040
one running ghost tours let's all

1090
00:45:20,710 --> 00:45:18,079
join the band hahaha

1091
00:45:23,030 --> 00:45:20,720
and here's some news items why the avn

1092
00:45:24,790 --> 00:45:23,040
that's the australian vaccination

1093
00:45:26,630 --> 00:45:24,800
risks network or whatever they're

1094
00:45:30,150 --> 00:45:26,640
calling themselves these days

1095
00:45:32,069 --> 00:45:30,160
why the avn supposedly quit facebook

1096
00:45:33,670 --> 00:45:32,079
a great article from losing the lucky

1097
00:45:36,870 --> 00:45:33,680
country a site worth

1098
00:45:40,309 --> 00:45:36,880
following the avn folk believe we should

1099
00:45:42,950 --> 00:45:40,319
think they're badass

1100
00:45:43,430 --> 00:45:42,960
and are disappointed when no one bans

1101
00:45:49,910 --> 00:45:43,440
them

1102
00:45:53,589 --> 00:45:49,920
cancer council must cancer cure myths

1103
00:45:56,069 --> 00:45:53,599
a survey of 1 000 australians shows that

1104
00:45:57,670 --> 00:45:56,079
common cancer myths are rife amongst

1105
00:46:00,470 --> 00:45:57,680
australians

1106
00:46:02,870 --> 00:46:00,480
2 in 3 or sixty seven percent of

1107
00:46:04,390 --> 00:46:02,880
australians agree that animals can sniff

1108
00:46:07,589 --> 00:46:04,400
out cancer

1109
00:46:09,750 --> 00:46:07,599
two in five forty percent of australians

1110
00:46:11,430 --> 00:46:09,760
believe that alternative therapies can

1111
00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:11,440
cure cancer

1112
00:46:17,270 --> 00:46:14,720
nearly half 46 believe sunscreen

1113
00:46:18,710 --> 00:46:17,280
contains chemicals that are bad for you

1114
00:46:20,710 --> 00:46:18,720
eight percent of australians don't

1115
00:46:22,390 --> 00:46:20,720
realize you can get skin cancer even if

1116
00:46:24,470 --> 00:46:22,400
you don't burn

1117
00:46:25,990 --> 00:46:24,480
megan vallo director of the cancer

1118
00:46:29,109 --> 00:46:26,000
control policy and

1119
00:46:31,030 --> 00:46:29,119
cancer council australia says that

1120
00:46:32,710 --> 00:46:31,040
quote people affected by cancer are

1121
00:46:34,550 --> 00:46:32,720
particularly vulnerable

1122
00:46:36,630 --> 00:46:34,560
and we know that misinformation in

1123
00:46:39,030 --> 00:46:36,640
cancer is rife

1124
00:46:41,349 --> 00:46:39,040
this is in part due to people looking to

1125
00:46:44,069 --> 00:46:41,359
sell products or miracle cures

1126
00:46:45,750 --> 00:46:44,079
but also to misinformation filtering

1127
00:46:47,589 --> 00:46:45,760
into the public sphere

1128
00:46:48,950 --> 00:46:47,599
through unchecked sources like social

1129
00:46:52,309 --> 00:46:48,960
media and

1130
00:46:55,030 --> 00:46:52,319
the internet isn't social media just the

1131
00:46:58,790 --> 00:46:55,040
internet is social media something else

1132
00:47:01,829 --> 00:46:58,800
i'm not sure other news items here

1133
00:47:02,870 --> 00:47:01,839
fluidization debate revival in port

1134
00:47:05,030 --> 00:47:02,880
macquarie prompts

1135
00:47:07,190 --> 00:47:05,040
state government warning the new south

1136
00:47:09,910 --> 00:47:07,200
wales minister for local government

1137
00:47:11,589 --> 00:47:09,920
has warned local councils to be careful

1138
00:47:13,510 --> 00:47:11,599
with taxpayers money

1139
00:47:15,990 --> 00:47:13,520
after the port macquarie hastings

1140
00:47:18,870 --> 00:47:16,000
council accepted plans

1141
00:47:21,990 --> 00:47:18,880
to ask voters if fluoride should be

1142
00:47:25,349 --> 00:47:22,000
removed from the town's water supply

1143
00:47:27,750 --> 00:47:25,359
the 60 000 poll

1144
00:47:29,109 --> 00:47:27,760
is set to be held at the same time as

1145
00:47:32,309 --> 00:47:29,119
september's local

1146
00:47:34,549 --> 00:47:32,319
government elections fluoride in the

1147
00:47:36,710 --> 00:47:34,559
water is mandatory by new south wales

1148
00:47:39,589 --> 00:47:36,720
health across the state

1149
00:47:40,790 --> 00:47:39,599
cia file on russian esp experiments

1150
00:47:43,109 --> 00:47:40,800
released

1151
00:47:44,150 --> 00:47:43,119
didn't we already know that they were

1152
00:47:47,510 --> 00:47:44,160
looking at this

1153
00:47:50,470 --> 00:47:47,520
well now it's official move along

1154
00:47:51,990 --> 00:47:50,480
nothing to see here these aren't the

1155
00:47:53,430 --> 00:47:52,000
droids you're looking for

1156
00:47:56,710 --> 00:47:53,440
[Music]

1157
00:47:59,510 --> 00:47:56,720
western australia gold diviner says

1158
00:48:00,230 --> 00:47:59,520
99 out of 100 people are skeptical of

1159
00:48:03,910 --> 00:48:00,240
the bush

1160
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:03,920
art 84 year old bob biggs

1161
00:48:07,030 --> 00:48:06,160
began divining for water almost 50 years

1162
00:48:09,829 --> 00:48:07,040
ago

1163
00:48:10,870 --> 00:48:09,839
after reading books on the subject he

1164
00:48:13,990 --> 00:48:10,880
readily admits

1165
00:48:16,710 --> 00:48:14,000
that quote 99 out of 100

1166
00:48:17,270 --> 00:48:16,720
end quote people are skeptics who brush

1167
00:48:20,710 --> 00:48:17,280
off the

1168
00:48:23,750 --> 00:48:20,720
bush art as a parlor trick quote

1169
00:48:27,349 --> 00:48:23,760
when i tell people i divine for gold

1170
00:48:29,750 --> 00:48:27,359
they say it doesn't work i just let them

1171
00:48:32,230 --> 00:48:29,760
go on their way if that's their attitude

1172
00:48:34,069 --> 00:48:32,240
that's their bad luck end quote

1173
00:48:37,349 --> 00:48:34,079
nevertheless skeptics

1174
00:48:40,549 --> 00:48:37,359
i.e yours truly are quoted

1175
00:48:43,030 --> 00:48:40,559
as thinking they're nice people

1176
00:48:44,950 --> 00:48:43,040
and don't forget every item i read out

1177
00:48:46,470 --> 00:48:44,960
is accompanied by the link to the full

1178
00:48:48,630 --> 00:48:46,480
story

1179
00:48:51,030 --> 00:48:48,640
the next item says the problem with dr

1180
00:48:54,230 --> 00:48:51,040
oz guest hosting jeopardy

1181
00:48:56,150 --> 00:48:54,240
the american jeopardy tv quiz show

1182
00:48:57,750 --> 00:48:56,160
has always been a problem for us the

1183
00:49:00,790 --> 00:48:57,760
concept that you provide

1184
00:49:02,630 --> 00:49:00,800
questions to answers is strange enough

1185
00:49:03,990 --> 00:49:02,640
but the show has the charisma and

1186
00:49:07,349 --> 00:49:04,000
tension of

1187
00:49:09,670 --> 00:49:07,359
a used rubber band in a bowl of porridge

1188
00:49:10,630 --> 00:49:09,680
oh i don't know tim it's not that bad

1189
00:49:13,829 --> 00:49:10,640
anyway

1190
00:49:17,030 --> 00:49:13,839
still having dr oz on hand seems

1191
00:49:21,349 --> 00:49:17,040
strangely logical answer

1192
00:49:24,950 --> 00:49:21,359
dr oz question what is pseudoscience

1193
00:49:27,990 --> 00:49:24,960
apparently there is a bit of a kerfuffle

1194
00:49:31,109 --> 00:49:28,000
over the inclusion of the purveyor of so

1195
00:49:34,710 --> 00:49:31,119
much wu in what is supposed to be

1196
00:49:35,990 --> 00:49:34,720
a program about facts history replaced

1197
00:49:39,030 --> 00:49:36,000
by ghosts

1198
00:49:41,990 --> 00:49:39,040
the friends of south brisbane cemetery

1199
00:49:44,309 --> 00:49:42,000
have been running historical tours of

1200
00:49:45,030 --> 00:49:44,319
duwong cemetery in brisbane for some

1201
00:49:47,910 --> 00:49:45,040
time

1202
00:49:48,790 --> 00:49:47,920
the brisbane council has now decided to

1203
00:49:52,390 --> 00:49:48,800
oust them

1204
00:49:53,430 --> 00:49:52,400
in favor of ghost tours express your

1205
00:49:56,710 --> 00:49:53,440
concerns

1206
00:49:57,990 --> 00:49:56,720
on the friends of the south brisbane

1207
00:50:01,510 --> 00:49:58,000
cemetery facebook

1208
00:50:03,510 --> 00:50:01,520
page and the newsletter lists

1209
00:50:05,510 --> 00:50:03,520
a series of upcoming events including

1210
00:50:06,549 --> 00:50:05,520
for the queensland skeptics the canberra

1211
00:50:12,150 --> 00:50:06,559
skeptics

1212
00:50:15,190 --> 00:50:12,160
around the country including perth

1213
00:50:17,670 --> 00:50:15,200
gold coast adelaide and we have

1214
00:50:19,829 --> 00:50:17,680
such gems as the 10 best supernatural

1215
00:50:22,790 --> 00:50:19,839
occurrences caught on camera

1216
00:50:24,390 --> 00:50:22,800
10 retro supernatural tv shows like the

1217
00:50:27,750 --> 00:50:24,400
x-files and so on

1218
00:50:29,750 --> 00:50:27,760
and the 10 best bigfoot movies

1219
00:50:31,870 --> 00:50:29,760
all that and much more in the australian

1220
00:50:33,349 --> 00:50:31,880
skeptics newsletter newsletter number

1221
00:50:35,270 --> 00:50:33,359
116

1222
00:50:38,069 --> 00:50:35,280
and if you want to sign up and have that

1223
00:50:38,790 --> 00:50:38,079
newsletter delivered to your inbox every

1224
00:50:55,730 --> 00:50:38,800
other week

1225
00:50:57,589 --> 00:50:55,740
just go to www.skeptics.com

1226
00:50:59,430 --> 00:50:57,599
[Applause]

1227
00:51:01,670 --> 00:50:59,440
thank you for listening to the skeptic

1228
00:51:03,750 --> 00:51:01,680
zone now here's a note from our friends

1229
00:51:04,069 --> 00:51:03,760
in canberra the canberra skeptics about

1230
00:51:07,109 --> 00:51:04,079
some

1231
00:51:09,349 --> 00:51:07,119
upcoming presentations canberra skeptics

1232
00:51:12,710 --> 00:51:09,359
proudly presents

1233
00:51:15,589 --> 00:51:12,720
nuking the moon hmm that sounds serious

1234
00:51:16,630 --> 00:51:15,599
an interview with dr vince horton and

1235
00:51:19,670 --> 00:51:16,640
this will be on

1236
00:51:24,150 --> 00:51:19,680
sunday the 14th of march

1237
00:51:27,829 --> 00:51:24,160
2021 at around midday

1238
00:51:30,950 --> 00:51:27,839
and it's a zoom meeting the world of

1239
00:51:33,430 --> 00:51:30,960
intelligence and espionage is one that

1240
00:51:35,670 --> 00:51:33,440
continues to fascinate and mystify

1241
00:51:36,630 --> 00:51:35,680
whether the world of fiction or

1242
00:51:39,430 --> 00:51:36,640
non-fiction

1243
00:51:40,950 --> 00:51:39,440
intelligence history is replete with

1244
00:51:43,829 --> 00:51:40,960
incredible examples

1245
00:51:45,270 --> 00:51:43,839
of intelligence agencies agents and

1246
00:51:47,270 --> 00:51:45,280
spies

1247
00:51:50,069 --> 00:51:47,280
developing amazing operations and

1248
00:51:51,349 --> 00:51:50,079
techniques to get the job done but

1249
00:51:53,990 --> 00:51:51,359
sometimes

1250
00:51:54,630 --> 00:51:54,000
it does not always go right drawing from

1251
00:51:57,270 --> 00:51:54,640
his book

1252
00:51:59,670 --> 00:51:57,280
nuking the moon and other intelligence

1253
00:52:00,950 --> 00:51:59,680
schemes and military plots best left on

1254
00:52:03,829 --> 00:52:00,960
the drawing board

1255
00:52:05,589 --> 00:52:03,839
dr vince horton will discuss some of

1256
00:52:08,390 --> 00:52:05,599
history's less successful

1257
00:52:09,109 --> 00:52:08,400
intelligence operations more information

1258
00:52:12,309 --> 00:52:09,119
just visit

1259
00:52:14,630 --> 00:52:12,319
uh canberraskeptics.org

1260
00:52:15,430 --> 00:52:14,640
and before then we have on the 15th of

1261
00:52:16,710 --> 00:52:15,440
february

1262
00:52:19,349 --> 00:52:16,720
so if you're listening to the skeptic

1263
00:52:20,470 --> 00:52:19,359
zone on sunday 14th of february this is

1264
00:52:23,270 --> 00:52:20,480
actually tomorrow

1265
00:52:24,069 --> 00:52:23,280
this talk on the 15th and this is at 6

1266
00:52:26,870 --> 00:52:24,079
pm

1267
00:52:28,710 --> 00:52:26,880
overview of rand's truth decay

1268
00:52:31,750 --> 00:52:28,720
initiative

1269
00:52:33,349 --> 00:52:31,760
and the speaker will be dr karl rhodes

1270
00:52:35,270 --> 00:52:33,359
over the past two decades national

1271
00:52:37,270 --> 00:52:35,280
policy and civil discourse in the united

1272
00:52:40,150 --> 00:52:37,280
states has been characterized by

1273
00:52:40,470 --> 00:52:40,160
truth decay and i think we've mentioned

1274
00:52:43,750 --> 00:52:40,480
this

1275
00:52:46,270 --> 00:52:43,760
talk before anyway for more information

1276
00:52:48,470 --> 00:52:46,280
about this talk as well just head for

1277
00:52:50,230 --> 00:52:48,480
canberraskeptics.org

1278
00:52:52,230 --> 00:52:50,240
coming up on next week's episode of the

1279
00:52:54,470 --> 00:52:52,240
skeptic zone more logical fallacies with

1280
00:52:57,670 --> 00:52:54,480
michelle biggesmar of course

1281
00:52:59,990 --> 00:52:57,680
part two of our look at phrenology with

1282
00:53:01,750 --> 00:53:00,000
tim mendham in the book of tim

1283
00:53:03,829 --> 00:53:01,760
the beginning of the conclusion of our

1284
00:53:05,109 --> 00:53:03,839
series into the unknown from the trove

1285
00:53:08,710 --> 00:53:05,119
archive

1286
00:53:10,470 --> 00:53:08,720
what will the panel conclude we wonder

1287
00:53:12,549 --> 00:53:10,480
and the rest of course is a mystery

1288
00:53:14,630 --> 00:53:12,559
because well it's a week away and i

1289
00:53:16,470 --> 00:53:14,640
don't know what's going to happen

1290
00:53:18,630 --> 00:53:16,480
thank you to those people who continue

1291
00:53:21,349 --> 00:53:18,640
to support the skeptic zone via patreon

1292
00:53:23,109 --> 00:53:21,359
or paypal at skepticzone.tv

1293
00:53:24,790 --> 00:53:23,119
without your contribution you wouldn't

1294
00:53:25,829 --> 00:53:24,800
be hearing this and nobody else would

1295
00:53:27,510 --> 00:53:25,839
either

1296
00:53:29,190 --> 00:53:27,520
i'd be sitting here doing the show to

1297
00:53:30,870 --> 00:53:29,200
myself

1298
00:53:32,630 --> 00:53:30,880
because there wouldn't be a show to

1299
00:53:34,390 --> 00:53:32,640
broadcast

1300
00:53:37,589 --> 00:53:34,400
and yes believe it or not the skeptic

1301
00:53:40,870 --> 00:53:37,599
zone does have bills to pay

1302
00:53:42,150 --> 00:53:40,880
surprise surprise making a podcast every

1303
00:53:44,549 --> 00:53:42,160
week spending many many

1304
00:53:46,069 --> 00:53:44,559
many many many hours putting it together

1305
00:53:49,109 --> 00:53:46,079
and recording and equipment

1306
00:53:52,230 --> 00:53:49,119
and hosting and well you can imagine

1307
00:53:54,870 --> 00:53:52,240
so your kind support

1308
00:53:55,589 --> 00:53:54,880
you people who do support the show means

1309
00:53:59,829 --> 00:53:55,599
everything

1310
00:54:02,710 --> 00:53:59,839
to the show and if you want to

1311
00:54:04,950 --> 00:54:02,720
chip in with maybe suggested amount five

1312
00:54:07,990 --> 00:54:04,960
dollars a month for patreon or paypal

1313
00:54:09,270 --> 00:54:08,000
just head for skepticzone.tv and click

1314
00:54:11,750 --> 00:54:09,280
the link

1315
00:54:12,870 --> 00:54:11,760
and really it really is a case of lots

1316
00:54:15,990 --> 00:54:12,880
of little

1317
00:54:17,829 --> 00:54:16,000
um contributions building up to being

1318
00:54:21,109 --> 00:54:17,839
something very meaningful

1319
00:54:22,309 --> 00:54:21,119
but for this week with skeptical fingers

1320
00:54:25,829 --> 00:54:22,319
crossed

1321
00:54:29,829 --> 00:54:25,839
for the three uh missions now

1322
00:54:32,150 --> 00:54:29,839
either at mars or just about to

1323
00:54:32,870 --> 00:54:32,160
get to mars this is richard saunders

1324
00:54:38,470 --> 00:54:32,880
signing off

1325
00:54:40,230 --> 00:54:38,480
from sydney australia

1326
00:54:41,670 --> 00:54:40,240
you've been listening to the skeptic

1327
00:54:44,910 --> 00:54:41,680
zone podcast

1328
00:54:46,230 --> 00:54:44,920
please visit our website at

1329
00:54:49,349 --> 00:54:46,240
www.skepticzone.tv

1330
00:54:51,349 --> 00:54:49,359
for show notes contacts and to access

1331
00:54:54,870 --> 00:54:51,359
the back catalog of episodes

1332
00:54:56,950 --> 00:54:54,880
going back to 2008. you can follow the

1333
00:55:00,390 --> 00:54:56,960
skepticzone podcast on twitter

1334
00:55:03,910 --> 00:55:00,400
at skepticzone visit our facebook page

1335
00:55:05,270 --> 00:55:03,920
or leave a review on itunes you can also

1336
00:55:08,549 --> 00:55:05,280
support the skeptic zone

1337
00:55:09,270 --> 00:55:08,559
via patreon or paypal the skeptic zone

1338
00:55:12,150 --> 00:55:09,280
podcast

1339
00:55:13,990 --> 00:55:12,160
is an independent production the views

1340
00:55:14,390 --> 00:55:14,000
and opinions expressed on the skeptic

1341
00:55:16,390 --> 00:55:14,400
zone

1342
00:55:18,309 --> 00:55:16,400
are not necessarily those of australian

1343
00:55:19,910 --> 00:55:18,319
skeptics or any other

1344
00:55:32,950 --> 00:55:19,920
skeptical organization

1345
00:55:36,789 --> 00:55:34,630
hello to the people who listen after the

1346
00:55:38,789 --> 00:55:36,799
music hello adrian i'm glad you listened

1347
00:55:40,549 --> 00:55:38,799
to the music now or after the music now

1348
00:55:43,829 --> 00:55:40,559
hello susan

1349
00:55:47,270 --> 00:55:43,839
um let me guess

1350
00:55:49,750 --> 00:55:47,280
let me guess susan's going to try and

1351
00:55:50,549 --> 00:55:49,760
will the dice to come up with a number

1352
00:55:54,069 --> 00:55:50,559
or

1353
00:55:55,990 --> 00:55:54,079
five just a guess susan now this is the

1354
00:55:57,430 --> 00:55:56,000
part of the show where i roll a

1355
00:55:59,910 --> 00:55:57,440
six-sided die

1356
00:56:03,430 --> 00:55:59,920
usually a 10 but today it's a six and

1357
00:56:06,950 --> 00:56:03,440
you use whatever power you want

1358
00:56:08,870 --> 00:56:06,960
not cheating of course uh to

1359
00:56:10,390 --> 00:56:08,880
guess or predict what numbers are going

1360
00:56:13,589 --> 00:56:10,400
to come up i'm going to roll this diet

1361
00:56:16,950 --> 00:56:13,599
three times are you ready

1362
00:56:19,589 --> 00:56:16,960
here it is and roll number one

1363
00:56:21,190 --> 00:56:19,599
the first number out of the box because

1364
00:56:22,630 --> 00:56:21,200
there's a little box i put it into it

1365
00:56:26,309 --> 00:56:22,640
sort of pops out the other side

1366
00:56:29,589 --> 00:56:26,319
is two two okay second number

1367
00:56:32,630 --> 00:56:29,599
one two three four five or six

1368
00:56:35,510 --> 00:56:32,640
oh six

1369
00:56:37,030 --> 00:56:35,520
all right and the last number for this

1370
00:56:40,230 --> 00:56:37,040
week

1371
00:56:46,470 --> 00:56:40,240
and the uh three rolls are

1372
00:56:51,510 --> 00:56:50,390
two six one and the last supplementary

1373
00:56:53,510 --> 00:56:51,520
in fact i'll swap

1374
00:56:54,630 --> 00:56:53,520
and the last supplementary will be out

1375
00:56:57,750 --> 00:56:54,640
of ten

1376
00:56:59,270 --> 00:56:57,760
i'll use a d10 here we go so it could be

1377
00:57:00,069 --> 00:56:59,280
one two three four five six seven eight

1378
00:57:05,190 --> 00:57:00,079
nine or ten

1379
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:11,030
two six one and eight

1380
00:57:17,750 --> 00:57:13,109
we can spot them when they occur and

1381
00:57:22,549 --> 00:57:20,870
this time we'll look at a fallacy of the

1382
00:57:25,270 --> 00:57:22,559
single cause

1383
00:57:26,789 --> 00:57:25,280
also known as the causal over

1384
00:57:30,390 --> 00:57:26,799
simplification

1385
00:57:34,700 --> 00:57:30,400
this fallacy occurs when it is assumed

1386
00:57:37,190 --> 00:57:34,710
that there are birds outside hi

1387
00:57:38,630 --> 00:57:37,200
[Music]

1388
00:57:41,270 --> 00:57:38,640
i thought i was getting away with it one